24th March, 2016. Colonel Fairfax has been falsely accused of sorcery by a jealous relative who covets his estates and money. St. James' Palace, London. A sailor falls for the daughter of his captain, while being unaware of the love a young country girl holds for him. (TV Movie 1982). This was followed in 1904 with Sir Reginald Hennell's 350-page The History of the King's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard. Today, the Yeomen of the Guard have a purely ceremonial role. Stanley was a powerful lord in northwest England. With a very convoluted plot, it is essential that the cast heighten their performances and the lyrics can be heard. Here are 5 fan favorites for when you're in the mood to rock out and laugh. By the 13th century, the Anglo-Norman Kings had three groups specifically ordered to protect them: (1) the royal household sergeants-at-arms; (2) the king's foot archers (also known as the Yeomen of the Crown); and the esquires of the royal household. As Oxford advanced, the troops appeared to leave Henry, his bodyguards, and some French mercenaries isolated, or so it appeared to Richard. The coronation appears to have been hastily arranged, using the regulations for Richard III's coronation as a draft. Unlike the usual TV hacks, he uses close-ups sparingly to conserve their dramatic impact and smoothly allows the camera not only to focus on the wider scene but even to employ extended long shots (a double no-no on TV) when these are emotionally warranted. But he was stepfather of Henry Tudor, and Richard was holding his son hostage. The War of the Roses had persisted intermittently for more than 30 years between the rival claimants of the House of York (symbolised by a white rose) and the House of Lancaster (symbolised by a red rose). They are signet warrants (signed orders) from Henry to his Keeper of the Privy Seal, granting offices throughout the realm. An 1809 fire in St James's Palace, the headquarters of the Guard, destroyed whatever records may have remained from the 15th-18th centuries. There is enough humor in the piece already — albeit humor of a cruel, sardonic, sarcastic and satirical sort.Although intended primarily for television transmission, a great deal of money has been most creatively spent on this production. With Norman Atkins, Norman Barrs, Henry Calvin, Barbara Cook. Use the HTML below. The rest of the Guard, also in black livery, marched on foot, holding their halberds upside down (reversed). [1]:16, Hewerdine proposes that Henry VII may have copied the Scots bodyguard of the French king. Even the article on Yeoman of the Guard, President Bartlet's favorite movie, … The first was written by a herald, who was present for the marriage of Prince Arthur to Catherine of Aragon in November 1501. Part of the royal retinue and used for ceremonial purposes, they wore richly decorated and embroidered jackets displaying the royal badges. The latter position (similar to a bookkeeper) was added by Henry later in his reign. However, their most famous duty is to 'ceremonially' search the cellars of the Palace of Westminster prior to the State Opening of Parliament, a tradition that dates back to the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, when Guy Fawkes attempted to blow up Parliament. With Alfred Marks, Joel Grey, Elizabeth Gale, Claire Powell. [1] Results of her subsequent research are found in her 2012 book The Yeomen of the Guard and the Early Tudors: The Formation of a Royal Bodyguard (See Further Reading). Title: [1]:66 For royal funerals, the Guard wore black.[1]:62. To my mind, a panto Dame is out of place in the Tower of London. In The West Wing, his series about the lives of President Bartlet’s White House staff, President Bartlet’s gave a CD of The Yeomen of the Guard to his aide Charlie Young, in the episode titled Stirred.. In each corner are symbols representing the various royal houses that the corps has served: Differences between the Yeoman of the Guard and the Yeoman Warders, Learn how and when to remove this template message, oldest British military corps still in existence, Henry VII's meeting with Francis I of France, Yeomen Warders of Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress the Tower of London, "The Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard", Yeomen of the Guard (The Royal Household site), Opening of the British Parliament (contains photographs of the Yeomen of the Guard performing their ceremonial search), Her Majesty's Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms, Queen's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard, Royal Company of Archers, The Queen's Bodyguard for Scotland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeomen_of_the_Guard&oldid=1008689707, Military units and formations established in the 15th century, Ceremonial officers in the United Kingdom, Positions within the British Royal Household, Articles needing additional references from October 2013, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 February 2021, at 15:26. Today the Yeomen of the Guard have a purely ceremonial role. In modern times officers from the Metropolitan Police carry o… A Yeoman Usher would assist a Gentleman Usher in collecting food and drink for the king, should he become hungry or thirsty overnight. Grey, wisely in my opinion, makes no attempt to imitate Green, but strikes out on his own — a decision that will please more people than it irritates — to give a far more subtle account of this sad, lonely, self-mocking clown.However, it's Alfred Marks in the showy role of Wilfred Shadbolt, the assistant torturer, who walks away with both acting and singing honors, although Elizabeth Gale as the newlywed Elsie and Claire Powell as the passionate "sister" Phoebe, are not far behind. The oldest British military corps still in existence, it was created by King Henry VII in 1485 after the Battle of Bosworth Field. Yeoman definition, a petty officer in a navy, having chiefly clerical duties in the U.S. Navy. Service overseas refers to Henry's exile to Brittany after the execution of the Duke of Buckingham. The wikipedia article on yeoman doesn't provide an answer. A presentation of a Gilbert & Sullivan operetta taking place around the Tower of London. A GEM! Each Baronet, in his turn, must commit a crime a day - or die in torture. The Guard was probably reduced to 80 members at that time. The Guard is mustered on demand, about eight times each year. There were two versions of the ritual. Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? The actual number of archers varied over the course of the 14th-15th centuries. Overall, the Yeoman of the Guard was a most enjoyable experience and I was so pleased that the G & S Society has revived this charming, profoundly musical production. Two years later, 170 Yeomen were discharged as part of an effort to reduce spending. This unit was... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples The remaining warrants mention "good and faithful service", which Hewerdine interprets as meaning either service overseas, or presence at Bosworth, or both. They are in attendance at various occasions such as at the annual Royal Maundy service, the Epiphany Service in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace, installations of Knights of the Garter, investiture of The Prince of Wales, lying-in-state, the funeral of the Sovereign, as well as all investitures, and summer garden parties at Buckingham Palace. 1978 London ITC Tower Of London Production of Yeoman Of The Guard starring Tommy Steele with an all star cast. Another annual feast was the Easter celebration, which can only be inferred from the royal expense accounts.[1]:70. It appears that the Yeomen served at court for specified terms of duty. (Head Jailer and Assistant Tormentor) THE HEADSMAN FIRST YEOMAN SECOND YEOMAN FIRST CITIZEN SECOND CITIZEN ELSIE MAYNARD (a … As Henry VIII's court moved around, the coat standards would accompany their retinue train. King George VI presented a replacement standard to the corps in 1938. Colonel Fairfax has been falsely accused of sorcery by a jealous relative who covets his estates and money. [1]:66, Records survive from Henry VIII's reign regarding the special care and storage of the scarlet coats. One yeoman wears scarlet hose and a gold-coloured cap, whilst the other wears white hose and a black cap. A short history of the Guard was written by Samuel Pegge as part of his Curialia (1782).[1]:2-3. [1]:50, Hewerdine mentions that the primary sources appear to make little distinction between the newly instituted Yeomen of the Guard, and the older positions of Yeomen of the Chamber, and the Yeomen of the Crown, which Henry VII kept as part of his household. Officers ranking below the Captain are: Lieutenant, Clerk of the Cheque and Adjutant, Ensign or Standard Bearer, and the Exon. [3], Henry rewarded his bodyguards by formally establishing the Yeomen of the Guard of (the body of) our Lord the King. The Yeoman Warders wear their daily "undress" black uniform and only on ceremonial occasions wear the Yeomen of the Guard's distinctive uniform that consists of a royal red tunic with purple facings and stripes and gold lace ornaments, red knee-breeches and red stockings, flat hat, and black shoes with red, white and blue rosettes. From these warrants, Hewerdine was able to identify 32 Yeomen. The following day the Yeomen carried their former leader to Westminster Abbey. yeoman of the guard in American English noun a member of the bodyguard of the English sovereign , instituted in 1485, which now consists of 100 men, including officers , having purely ceremonial duties The Colonel is condemned to death for his 'crime' and waits in the Tower of London for his execution. The earliest documents mentioning individual Yeomen of the Guard date from September 1485 through January 1846. Writer, Producer and Actor Aaron Sorkin is a well-known Gilbert and Sullivan fan. "The West Wing" creator and executive producer Aaron Sorkin wrote the script. The Yeomen of the Guard, the original "Beefeaters", are often confused with the Yeomen Warders of Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress the Tower of London, who are also known as "Beefeaters", a similar but distinct body. Henry's bodyguards fought bravely to hold off Richard's bodyguards until the arrival of Stanley's troops. The West Wing (1999–2006) Episode List. noun: officer in the (ceremonial) bodyguard of the British monarch However, for Prince Arthur's marriage with Katherine of Aragon in 1501, the Guard numbered 300. They wore Henry VII's livery of green and white. What is the implication of calling him "Yeoman Fitzwallace"?I have gone down a rabbit hole trying to figure out what calling Fitzwallace a yeoman implies? Next came the making of the king's bed for the night. The coats were kept in large containers known as standards. In April 1489, Henry VII took 200 yeomen to northern England, and a similarly-sized contingent in 1500, when Henry visited Archduke Philip of Austria in Calais. As a visual reminder of their origin, the Yeomen still wear the red and gold uniforms of the Tudor period. All members of the Body of Yeoman Warders are sworn in at St. James’ Palace as Members of the Sovereign’s Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard Extraordinary, reinforcing the Yeomen of the Guard when necessary. who gives a total of 50. In 1934, the first Royal Air Force candidate was accepted. The color was described either as russet cloth or tawny medley. Celebrate Black History Month with IMDb's exclusive galleries, recommendations, videos, and more. The greatest increase in Guard size occurred in 1513, for Henry VIII's campaign in France. [4]:916 This appearance of the Guard at Henry VII's coronation was first documented by Francis Bacon in 1622. [1]:52, There are few mentions of the Guard at royal events during Henry VII's reign, and they are not detailed. One of their most famous duties is to perform a ceremonial search of the cellars of the Palace of Westminster prior to the State Opening of Parliament, which remembers the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Get a sneak peek of the new version of this page. Hewerdine quotes one of Henry VII's heralds describing the Guard as: "evermore standing by the ways and passages upon a row in both the sides where the king's highness should from chamber to chamber or from one place to another at his goodly pleasure be removed". Based upon the names of individuals, she suggests that the Yeomen of the Crown was the group of retainers who could serve as Yeomen of the Chamber or Yeomen of the Guard as openings occurred. Explore {{searchView.params.phrase}} by color family {{familyColorButtonText(colorFamily.name)}} 'The Yeomen of the Guard searching the crypt of the Houses of Parliament', 1894. Season: OR . Hewerdine's thesis is referenced in this article for the Tudor period, whilst Hennell's book is referenced for the 17th-19th centuries. ON THIS DAY 19 February 1970: Bellamy Young was born 2003: "The California 47th" aired on NBC. Very little remains of palace interiors from Henry VII's reign due to remodelling, for example, Windsor Castle, or demolition, such as Greenwich Palace, by later monarchs. In their first official act on 1 October 1485, fifty members of the Yeoman of the Guard, led by John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, formally escorted Henry Tudor to his coronation ceremony. [1]:52, Yeomen on night watch not serving within the King's Chamber were required to sit outside in the Guard Chamber. Then the canvas and feather beds were laid over the straw mattress. The neckline is a gold band, and there is a gold crowned rose on the chest. A presentation of a Gilbert & Sullivan operetta taking place around the Tower of London. According to sources quoted by Hewerdine, Henry had a retinue of about 500 men while in Brittany, of which 200 followed him to France. With Alan Alda, Kristin Chenoweth, Allison Janney, Mary McCormack. The costumes, the sets, the crowds of colorful extras constantly dazzle the eye, while Sullivan's captivating and rousing music was never more superbly rendered than it is here by the London Symphony Orchestra. The next July, the Clerk received 6 pounds 2 shillings for transportation of the coat standards from London to Calais and Guisnes and then back to London. When Princess Margaret was christened in Westminster in 1489, 120 torches were held in front of the chapel by knights, squires, gentlemen, and Yeomen of the Crown. Directed by Dave Heather. [1]:35-41 Hewerdine proposes another possible reason for the inability to determine the number of Yeomen of the Guard. Most Yeomen carried bows and arrows, whilst the others carried halberds or other weapons. "[1]:67 The following year (1520), Henry VIII commanded the Captain of the Guard, Sir Henry Mamey, to select 200 of his tallest men to accompany the king to his meeting with Francis I, King of France, at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. 1: Manchester (Part I) 10 OCTOBER 2001: Aaron Sorkin: In the season premiere, flashbacks reveal how the President will officially announce his plans to run for re-election, which sends his staff into disarray as they work on the speech. A 50-page history of the Guard appeared in 1852, with Thomas Smith's Some Account of the Royal Body-Guard entitled the ancient corps of the Yeomen of the Guard, instituted 1485. The Whitsuntide feast at Windsor Castle in "honour of God, St. George and the noble Order of the Garter"[1]:70 is described in detail from May 1519. The yeoman ranks include Yeoman, Yeoman Bed Hanger (YBH), Yeoman Bed Goer (YBG), Divisional Sergeant-Major (DSM) and Messenger Sergeant-Major (MSM). Four times each night, the yeomen locked inside the King's Chamber would patrol the king's chamber, and the yeomen in the Guard Chamber would patrol the palace. Hewerdine quotes the herald's description: The yeomen of the Guard were clothed in 'large jackets of damask, white and green, goodly embroidered both on their breasts before and also on their backs behind, with round garlands of vine branches, beset before richly with spangles of silver and gilt, and in the middle a red rose, beaten with goldsmiths' work, with bright halberds in their hands'. The Baronets of Ruddigore have been cursed by a witch. It appointed John Frye, yeoman of the king's Guard, to the office of Searcher at the port of Bristol. Colonel Fairfax has been falsely accused of sorcery by a jealous relative who covets his estates and money. Hewerdine has reconstructed a list of approximately 100 yeomen for the first year or two of Henry's reign. The old order required that a yeoman would stab the straw mattress with a dagger, searching for anything that should not be there. This FAQ is empty. In the eighteenth century some 40 Yeomen were on duty daily, and 20 at night. The Yeoman of the Guard march in their ancient uniforms and carrying their halberds. The second record is an illuminated border from the 1527 Treaty of Amiens. In 1445, Charles VII had established two companies of Scots: one contained 100 men-at-arms; the second contains 104 archers designated as personal bodyguards. [1]:20-21, The Guard's primary function was protection. The Yeomen of the Guard (TV Movie 1975) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. [1]:69, At Henry VII's funeral in May 1509, twelve chosen Yeomen of the Guard, garbed in black livery, carried the royal coffin from the west door of Old St Paul's Cathedral to the high altar for the lying in state. [5][6], The senior officer is the Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard, which is filled by the current Deputy Chief Whip in the House of Lords. [2]:vii The earliest mentions of the Guard are in histories from the 16th century: (a) Robert Fabian's The New Chronicles of England and France (1516); (b) Polydore Vergil's Angelica Historia (1534); and (c) Edward Hall's Chronicle (1547). The food and drink was given to the Squire for the Body who was on duty in the King's Chamber that night. Sensing an opportunity, Richard charged toward Henry. [1]:57-8 One month later, three hundred Yeomen of the Guard participated in the procession on the eve of Henry VIII's coronation. Phoebe is interested in prisoner Colonel Fairfax while his jailer is taken with the … David McAnally . Smith acknowledged he used Pegge's Curialia and records of the Guard as his sources. Today the Captain of the Queen’s Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard is a political appointment; the role is assumed by the Government Deputy Chief Whip in the House of Lords. Synopsis. They accompany the Sovereign at the annual Royal Maundy Service, investitures and summer Garden Parties at Buckingham Palace, and so on. Beginning in 1830, candidates must have served in either the British Army, or Royal Marines. There is only a draft document from ca 1536-37 proposing the formation of what would become the Gentlemen at Arms. Define yeoman of the guard. Francis Bacon mentioned them in his History of the Reign of King Henry the Seventh (1622). Fate, however, steps in - in the form of Sergeant Meryll (who owes his life to Colonel Fairfax) and Elsie Maynard, a beautiful strolling singer who has just arrived at the Tower to entertain the people in the company of a strolling jester, Jack Point. The Yeomen of the Guard. This includes an annual Roll Call and the Sovereign's Inspection (which has been changed to once every 4–5 years). [1]:73, This Household Ordinance is the first to mention regulations for the Yeomen of the Guard. The surviving copy of the Ordinance has left a space for that number to be written in – it never was. These Scottish archers were being recognized for their service and loyalty to the French crown. [2]:vii Extensive modern research[1]:vii-viii has been done by Anita Hewerdine for her 1998 doctoral thesis The Yeomen of the King’s Guard 1485-1547. Traditionally, the corps carried a standard, in the manner of army regiments. On 22 August 1485, near the small village of Stoke Golding, Henry Tudor met King Richard III in battle for the Crown of England. The new order required that a yeoman would jump upon the canvas and feather beds, and roll around, spreading them out. [1]:35 During the reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII, Hewerdine has established that the size fluctuated greatly between the 1470s and about 1540. Phoebe is interested in prisoner Colonel Fairfax while his jailer is taken with the lovely Phoebe. Candidates (both servicemen and servicewomen) must have completed at least 22 years of service, attained at least the rank of Sergeant or Petty Officer, and been awarded the Long Service and Good Conduct Medal. When Prince Arthur was christened in Winchester Cathedral in 1486, five Yeomen of the Guard controlled access to the specially-constructed stage erected for the royal font. Add the first question. Yeoman Warder in Tudor State Dress, c. 1895. Stanley's forces remained uncommitted as the battle raged. View production, box office, & company info. n. pl. In addition, the West Wing included a number of other Gilbert and Sullivan references. The roster of the night watch was also given to the Squire, who was responsible for locking the chamber doors. After either procedure was carried out, precise instructions were followed for placing the sheets, pillows and covers on the bed. yeoman of the guard synonyms, yeoman of the guard pronunciation, yeoman of the guard translation, English dictionary definition of yeoman of the guard. To escape his dreadful fate, the latest Baronet, Sir Ruthven... See full summary », A young man named Frederick leaves the zany band of pirates he was raised by to find true love and respectability, but when the Pirate King turns up to call on an old debt, Frederick must ... See full summary ». The Yeomen of the Guard Fate, however, steps in - in the form of Sergeant Meryll (who owes his life to Colonel Fairfax) and Elsie Maynard, a beautiful strolling singer who has just arrived at the Tower to entertain the people in the company of a strolling jester, Jack Point. 1974 BBC Production of Yeoman Of The Guard Featuring the great Valerie Masterson and an al star cast. A perfect cast in an almost perfect rendition of this masterpiece of tragi-comic operettas, does full vocal and histrionic justice to both Gilbert and Sullivan, with perhaps one exception: Joel Grey. The Yeomen of the Guard, or The Merryman and His Maid is Gilbert and Sullivan’s sparkling comic opera set in Shakespearean times during the reign of King Henry VIII. The Yeomen Warders normally wear an 'undress' uniform of dark blue with red trimmings. Seeing this, Stanley made his decision, and charged to reinforce Henry. Yeoman of the guard definition, a member of the bodyguard of the English sovereign, instituted in 1485, which now consists of 100 men, including officers, having purely ceremonial duties. They were alert to signs of fire, any disturbances that might wake the king, or possible attacks on the king's person. Walk-and-Talk Monologue (w Allison Janney & Bradley Whitford) Ainsley Hayes on the Equal Rights Amendment. The Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard is a bodyguard of the British Monarch. Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Hennell was a lieutenant in the Guard at the time, who discovered that there were no records save for one old order book and miscellaneous papers. In 1519, the Guard's Clerk of the Cheque received 3 shillings 8 pence to rent two carts to move the coat standards from Greenwich Palace to Richmond Palace. There are only two contemporary records of the livery of the Yeomen of the Guard during Henry VII's reign. See more. With a brief notice of the Warders of the Tower. [1]:48, The only accounts which provide a size of the Guard during the early years of Henry VII's reign are Virgil, who gives a total of about 200, and Bacon. Windsor, UK. In February 1528, two Yeomen of the Guard and four women were paid 6 shillings for two days work of brushing and airing out the coats. In 2018, the first Royal Navy Warrant Officer was appointed. The standard is a crimson-coloured damask – in the centre is the corps' badge of a combined rose, thistle and shamrock, with the royal cypher of the reigning monarch either side, and the royal motto Dieu et mon Droit below. There are no surviving original documents ordering the establishment of the Guard. The West Wing. Definitions of yeoman of the guard: . ), When members of the Guard were performing their duties as yeomen of the chamber, they were furnished with watching clothing for their night-time watches around the king's chamber. During the two-week-long celebration of the marriage of Prince Arthur to Catherine of Aragon in 1501, the Guard is mentioned several times in the herald's record. These were close-fitting to the upper body, and expanded below the waist into a flared skirt to cover the thighs when the rider was on horseback. The Queen's Bodyguard of the Yeoman of the Guard outside St George’s Chapel Windsor following distribution of the Maundy money to 90 men and 90 women, one for each of the Queen’s 90 years, during the Royal Maundy Service. The corps' first standard was supposedly destroyed in a fire at St James's Palace in 1809. Browse 564 yeoman of the guard stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Non-commissioned officers are: Messenger Sergeant Major, Divisional Sergeant Major, Yeoman Bed Goer, Yeoman Bed Hanger, and Yeomen. Directed by Christopher Misiano. (Illustrations in this section are from the reign of Henry VIII. Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught inspects soldiers of the Yeomen of the Guard (Beefeaters). Complications ensue. [1]:62, According to Hewerdine, except for the coronation of Henry VIII, the Guard continued to wear green and white livery until June 1526, when the color was officially changed to red. [1]:69, There were various annual festivals and special ceremonies in which the Guard most probably participated but for which there are no records earlier than the reign of Henry VIII. At which time the Guard switched back to the scarlet and gold livery that is familiar today. A presentation of a Gilbert & Sullivan operetta taking place around the Tower of London. The item of uniform that distinguishes The Yeomen of the Guard from the Tower Warders is the red cross-belt, a relic from the time when the Guard, and not the Warders, carried the harquebus. With Norman Atkins, Norman Barrs, Henry Calvin, Barbara Cook. Find the perfect Yeoman Of The Guard stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Either side of this device are ribbons containing two of the corps' battle honours, Tournai and Boulogne. The coat standards were not stored in one of the palaces or usual wardrobe buildings. [5], There are 60 Yeomen of the Guard, plus six officers. They were kept at rented locations. [1]:14 Of these 32 warrants, 13 mention former service overseas, and 6 indicate presence at Bosworth Field. [1]:39, Although the Guard wore the scarlet and gold livery for Henry VIII's coronation in 1509, they resumed the traditional green and white livery until June 1526. The proposal contains this statement for a precedent: the most noble and memory worthy king Henry VII for the better furnishment of his house first established and ordained the yeomen of his guard in their livery coats to wait upon his grace in his chamber, to the great setting forth and honour of his house. 100 Yeomen were to be mounted on "suitable horses". ), Many of the daily duties performed by the yeomen who served the king are described in Yeoman. The Yeoman Warders wear their daily "undress" black uniform and only on ceremonial occasions wear the Yeomen of the Guard's distinctive uniform that consists of a royal red tunic with purple facings and stripes and gold lace ornaments, red knee-breeches and red stockings, flat hat, and black shoes with red, white and blue rosettes. [1]:67 (A photograph appears on page 60 of Hewerdine's thesis. [1]:17-18 It was probably from among these 200 followers that the original Guard was formed. Yeoman of the guard definition: a member of the bodyguard ( Yeomen of the Guard ) of the English monarch . This stopped in 1813, and thereafter only one division was required daily until about 1837. In 1318, a Household Ordinance (the King's Proclamation containing the yearly budget for his royal household) specified that the number of archers should be 24. The Colonel is condemned to death for his 'crime' and waits in the Tower of London for his execution.

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