Belarus is another with an existing nuclear energy program (one power reactor in operation, a second under construction) that has signed an Additional Protocol but has not yet brought it into force. This book interrogates the Indo-US civil nuclear agreement from its inception in July 2005 to its conclusion in the latter part of 2008 through 12 articles, each of which focuses on different aspects of the deal. It sought measures in particular to enhance its ability to detect undeclared nuclear material and activities in states with CSAs. IAEA safeguards are technical measures (e.g., seals, cameras, and detectors) that the agency employs to verify that states are living up to their international commitments not to shift civil nuclear programs toward weapons development. [13] IAEA, Nuclear Power Reactors in the World, 2020, https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/RDS-2-40_web.pdf. The agreement between the IAEA and Abacc, on the other hand, is similar to standard NPT safeguards agreements and does not give the IAEA rights specified by the Additional Protocol. U.S. civil nuclear cooperation agreements ("123" agreements), which are bilateral agreements with other governments or multilateral organizations, have several important goals, including promoting the U.S. nuclear industry, which is ... [10] IAEA, “Additional Protocol,” https://www.iaea.org/topics/additional-protocol. Dr. Matt Bowen is a Research Scholar at the Center on Global Energy Policy. In June 2011, the Nuclear Suppliers' Group changed their guidelines so that members could only export sensitive enrichment and reprocessing items … Other Brazilian accounts have asserted that the Additional Protocol is superfluous because Brazil’s constitution already commits the country not to develop nuclear weapons and because Brazil is a member of the Treaty of Tlatelolco, establishing a nuclear weapons-free zone in Latin America.Brazil is reluctant to provide the IAEA additional access to information concerning the past history of its nuclear program; were Brazil to agree to and implement the Additional Protocol, it would be obliged to disclose to the IAEA any high-level radioactive waste inventories, which would testify to historical production of undeclared nuclear material processing in the country. However, potential drawbacks include whether the NSG could successfully reach an understanding as to what relationships will be grandfathered to prevent future misunderstandings and whether the clause would end up serving as a potential opening for misuse and controversy in the future. Wassenaar Arrangement: Member. These measures include broader access to information about the State’s nuclear programme, increased physical access by the IAEA and improved administrative arrangements. As of  1 June 2021, Additional Protocols are in force with 137 States and Euratom. The Indian ratification of the AP by the new government was actually inevitable, as previously in 2009, India had already signed the Additional Protocol. The Additional Protocol is not a stand-alone agreement, but rather a protocol to a safeguards agreement that provides additional tools for verification. In particular, it significantly increases the IAEA’s ability to verify the peaceful use of all nuclear material in States with comprehensive safeguards agreements. In May 1997,... The Model Additional Protocol was designed for all States that have concluded any of the three types of safeguards agreements with the IAEA. [8] Fred McGoldrick, “The Road Ahead for Export Controls.”. [4] Paragraph 4(b) reads: “Transfers covered by paragraph 4(a) to a non-nuclear-weapon State without such a safeguards agreement should be authorised only in exceptional cases when they are deemed essential for the safe operation of existing facilities and if safeguards are applied to those facilities. This volume features a selection of the best scholarship on international law as it is relevant to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace - Nuclear Energy BriefMark Hibbs. Today, U.S. That cannot be said for Brazil. These additional “Part 2” measures led to the development and approval of the Model Additional Protocol in 1997. Terms of Use, Governmental, legal and regulatory framework, Security of nuclear and other radioactive material, Radioactive waste and spent fuel management, Zoonotic Disease Integrated Action (ZODIAC), Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT), IAEA Water Availability Enhancement Project (IWAVE), International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO), Catalogue of review missions and advisory services, Peer review and advisory services calendar, Global Nuclear Safety and Security Network (GNSSN), International Nuclear Information System (INIS), Advanced Reactors Information System (ARIS), Integrated Nuclear Fuel Cycle Information System (iNFCIS), Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Information System (SRIS), Offices Reporting to the Director General, Plan of Action: Promotion of Safeguards Agreements and Additional Protocols, 1 July 2020-30 June 2021, Infographic: Additional Protocol - Verifying that all Nuclear Material Remains in Peaceful Activities (English Version), State Systems of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Material mission (ISSAS), Conclusion of Safeguards Agreements, Additional Protocols and Small Quantities Protocols. [9] IAEA, “INFCIRC/734,” September 19, 2008, https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/infcircs/2008/infcirc734c.pdf. 'Reforming Nuclear Export Controls' examines the structure & activities of the Nuclear Suppliers Group as an ad hoc group of 44 states committed to applying effective controls on the export of nuclear-related dual-use equipment & material. The greater reporting requirements and inspection measures in the Additional Protocol give the international community assurance that a nation’s declarations about its civil nuclear program are both correct and complete. Setting the date to January 1, 2025, (or 2027) would, for example, allow NSG members as well as other nations to bring an Additional Protocol into force before a new requirement was active. Given subsequent references to the CSA in Paragraph 4(a), some of the bullets and sub-bullets that follow Paragraph 4(a) would have to be modified to account for this change. [1] International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), “IAEA Safeguards Overview: Comprehensive Safeguards Agreements and Additional Protocols,” https://www.iaea.org/publications/factsheets/iaea-safeguards-overview. Neither Pakistan nor Belarus has a regional arrangement in place matching the Paragraph 6 criteria, and neither has an Additional Protocol in force. [5] Fred McGoldrick, “The Road Ahead for Export Controls: Challenges for the Nuclear Suppliers Group,” Arms Control Today, (January/February 2011): https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2011-01/road-ahead-export-controls-challenges-nuclear-suppliers-group. Found insideThis important volume examines the significance of such changes and suggests a way forward for U.S. policy, emphasizing stronger security of nuclear weapons and materials, international compliance with nonproliferation obligations, ... ... concluding an Additional Protocol to … “Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)—which comprises 48 governments, including those representing the major reactor vendor countries—maintains guidelines governing the export of nuclear materials, equipment, and technology. Found inside – Page 27happens if other countries in the region refuse to accept these ... actively in the Nuclear Suppliers Group ( NSG ) to institute stricter guidelines for the ... In case of countries that have adhered or will adhere to INFCIRC/254/Rev. This construction states a very clean, straightforward requirement but would raise the same challenges to group consensus that have seemingly prevented its adoption. But the speed with which it happened, within weeks of the new government coming to power is noteworthy. The former is a legal document setting forth inspection rights and the latter is an institution.The Additional Protocol provides the IAEA specific rights to access a wealth of information that is outside the purview of standard NPT safeguards agreements, especially concerning undeclared activities. Found inside – Page 124The Nuclear Suppliers Group failed to require an Additional Protocol as a condition of supply . The International Atomic Energy Agency approved safeguards ... Exactly what is the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and what role does it play in our modern landscape of nuclear politics? The remaining countries have neither signed an Additional Protocol nor have one in force. Background: Saudi Arabia has expressed interest for more than a decade in developing a nuclear energy program. At the 2000 plenary meeting of the NSG, the public statement from the group encouraged states to conclude an Additional Protocol with the IAEA,[18] but the group did not require it as a condition of supply of trigger list materials. More fundamentally, Brazil spelled out that it has no intention of implementing the Additional Protocol without significant steps in global nuclear disarmament. This called for the establishment of an The President also called for adoption of the Additional Protocol as a condition of supply to non-nuclear weapon states, and we are pleased by the strong support within the NSG for that proposal. Found inside – Page 76Nuclear Suppliers Group members can assist in this effort by adopting a guideline ... to the Additional Protocol by recipient states a condition for nuclear ... The civilian nuclear reactors come under IAEA safeguards., The military nuclear installations come under the inspection of IAEA., The country will have the privilege to buy uranium from the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)., The country automatically becomes a member of the NSG. The Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards. Iran has signed an Additional Protocol but is not implementing it. The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a group of nuclear supplier countries that seeks to contribute to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons through the implementation of two sets of Guidelines for nuclear exports and nuclear-related exports. After shunning the treaty in 1968, India then went on to develop an indigenous nuclear power industry. [15] World Nuclear News, “Pakistan’s Chasma 4 Officially Accepted,” September 28, 2020, https://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Pakistans-Chashma-4-officially-accepted. [29] The “Support for Effective IAEA Safeguards” section, Paragraph 14, could also be a plausible location in the trigger list guidelines to add language regarding the Additional Protocol. With 40 member states, the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a widely accepted, mature, and effective export-control arrangement, which contributes to the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons through implementation of guidelines for control of nuclear and nuclear-related exports. If you would like to learn more about the IAEA’s work, sign up for our weekly updates containing our most important news, multimedia and more. In a new report, Matt Bowen explains how the United States reached its current stalemate over nuclear waste disposal, and examines productive approaches in other countries and a few domestic ones that could guide US policy makers through options for improving the prospects for nuclear waste disposal going forward. Another 14 States have signed an Additional Protocol but have yet to bring it into force. Statement 3 is incorrect as IAEA protocol ratification will not give the privilege to buy uranium from the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) Statement 4 is incorrect because NSG membership is not based on IAEA Additional Protocol ratification. The book discusses current crises of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty which are going to figure in the 2010 Review Conference of the treaty. This book was published as a special issue of The Strategic Analysis. Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) recognizes the Quadripartite Agreement as an alternative criterion to the Additional Protocol. ABACC is aware that it is challenged by the Additional Protocol and that neither its agreement with the IAEA nor the Common System of Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials, which underlies Abacc, excludes the possibility that Abacc might incorporate features set forth in the Additional Protocol in the future. Algeria, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Cabo Verde, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Dominica, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Iran, Israel, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Micronesia, Myanmar, Nauru, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Syrian Arab Republic, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe. A grandfather clause would permit some or all existing cooperation, including China’s supply of reactors to Pakistan, and thus, might avoid opposition from NSG-participating governments for that reason. Pakistan cannot meet its energy requirements until it receives a Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) waiver like India obtained in 2008. The Additional Protocol is not a stand-alone agreement, but rather a protocol to a safeguards agreement that provides additional tools for verification. An agreement on new guidelines for enrichment and reprocessing is less urgent as NSG states are, in effect, currently following the guidelines and have been for quite some time. Another challenge to adoption of this formulation could come from possible impacts to existing nuclear commerce, such as China’s supply of material, equipment, and technology to Pakistan’s program or Russia’s supply to Belarus’s program. In responding to this basic question, Eliminating Weapons of Mass Destruction examines how existing organizations apply the main verification tools, how they can improve and consolidate them where possible in order to meet the new security ... [27] Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials, 2019 Annual Report, 2019, 45–46. In total, 101 states have an Additional Protocol and many governments and experts now want the protocol to become the NPT’s verification standard as an essential component of a comprehensive safeguards agreement and as a requisite for engaging in nuclear trade.In 2004, Bush pushed for the Additional Protocol to be required for all states importing items for their civilian nuclear programs. In particular, it significantly increases the IAEA’s ability to verify the peaceful use of all nuclear material in States with comprehensive safeguards agreements. So far, the proposed guidelines on enrichment and reprocessing—including the exception for the two Latin American states—are not legally binding and are not in force. ... India's Membership to the Nuclear Suppliers Group. At the end of 1993, the IAEA embarked on a broad programme to further strengthen safeguards implementation under CSAs by enhancing the IAEA’s ability to detect undeclared nuclear material and activities. According to a paper presented by France at a Nuclear Suppliers Group meeting in May 2003, Iran was believed to have improved on the Pakistani design and achieved "a model effective enough to consider enrichment on an industrial scale." But the fact that not all NSG-participating governments have Additional Protocols in force is not the only challenge to reaching consensus. India is yet to come of age as far as the nuclear sector is concerned due to sustained lack of support from the International Atomic Energy Agency (“IAEA”), and exclusion from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (“NPT”) and Nuclear Suppliers Group (“NSG”).In 2014, a few nuclear reactors like Narora, Kudankulam and Kakrapar were brought under the IAEA safeguards. [7] Daniel Horner, “China, Pakistan Set Reactor Deal,” Arms Control Today, (June 2010): https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2010-06/china-pakistan-set-reactor-deal. The NSG is a group of nuclear supplier countries that contributes to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons by controlling the export of materials, equipment and technology that could potentially be used in their manufacture The working group was formed five years ago, with the first meeting held at Endesa in 2011, which not only involved the Enel group, but also other companies with interests in nuclear … One variant on a grandfather clause could be to add the Additional Protocol after the CSA requirement in Paragraph 4(a): Suppliers should transfer trigger list items or related technology to a non-nuclear weapon State only when the receiving State has brought into force an agreement with the IAEA requiring the application of safeguards on all source and special fissionable material in its current and future peaceful activities, as well as an agreement based on the IAEA Model Additional Protocol. 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