We thought our way of life was a plug-and-play system. [42] The Afghanistan Commission, and especially the powerful troika within it (Andropov, Gromyko and Ustinov) was primarily responsible for embroiling the Soviet Union in a costly, unjust and futile war in Afghanistan. [24] “Eventually, over one hundred Muslim soldiers defected to the Mujahideen, not for religious or political motives, but because of the unbearable [living] conditions in the Soviet Army.” The greatest amount of deserters, however, would come from the socialist government’s own Afghan Army. Found insideThe Soviet war in Afghanistan was a grueling debacle that has striking lessons for the twenty-first century. In The Great Gamble, Gregory Feifer examines the conflict from the perspective of the soldiers on the ground. Found inside – Page 411After ten years, the Soviet Union withdrew its troops in 1989 and departed Afghanistan after what is called by many the Soviet Union's Vietnam. The Soviet intervention in Afghanistan began in December of 1979. Found inside – Page 37Having fought a bloody, decadelong war in Afghanistan—often called the “Soviet Union's Vietnam”—the Russians maintain a keen interest in the country, ... against a foreign country...just like WWI, WWII, Korea, etc. The further deterioration of Afghanistan’s situation in early 1979 moved Moscow’s leadership out of its inertia, and directly into a trap. Soldiers’ accounts also detail the unofficial Red Army policy of taking no Afghan prisoners. [13] (The Russian ports in the Black Sea were dependent on Turkey’s goodwill, and those in the northern Pacific Ocean were not ice-free all year round). [11] For example, some twenty Soviet military advisers (out of 1,500 in the country) were publicly lynched and mutilated by angry mobs in the city of Heart. Another obvious factor in the decision was related to the soft power commitments of socialist ideology, which predisposed the Soviet Union to safeguard a friendly régime. When former US National Security advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski bragged about prompting the Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan so that it could get its “Vietnam” he was not making an empty boast. Following the 1978 communist coup in Kabul, the American embassy stationed there cabled a message home which read: “The Russians have finally won the ‘Great Game.’ ” J. Bruce. Because the Soviets were a parallel to the US: 1. rotor-wing). In this way, the Soviets hoped to bring Massoud’s army to battle and destroy it in detail. There is further evidence that the Soviet war in Afghanistan had deep historical roots. This was the Soviet Union's Vietnam, and the same principle can be applied. Instead, he received the following mission briefing: Our borders are threatened. At the same time, Soviet/Afghan motorized forces would advance along both banks of the Panjshir River. Found inside – Page 29AFGHAN The War in Afghanistan ( 1979-1989 ) has been called “ the Soviet Union's Vietnam War , " a conflict that pitted Soviet regulars against a relentless ... Many thanks! The two nightmarish scenarios of either American intervention, or the spread of radical Islam into the USSR, helped shape the Soviet Union’s decision to invade Afghanistan. The American Green Berets intend to conquer Afghanistan… [and] set up their missiles. How ironic that a major upsurge in violence in Afghanistan has coincided with the death of Zbigniew Brzezinski, the viscerally anti-Russian Cold War warrior and architect of the US policy of backing jihadists in the country to 'bleed' the Soviet Union. The Soviet–Afghan War was a conflict wherein insurgent groups (known collectively as the Afghan mujahideen), as well as smaller Shi'ite and Maoist groups, fought a nine-year guerrilla war against the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Army throughout the 1980s, mostly in the Afghan countryside. A 1979 internal memo to the Soviet Union’s governing Politburo explained why “nation building” by the Soviet Union or the United States was doomed to … How do events takes place in history as pointed out by georg wilchicm friedrich hegel by Alvin scaff? Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse? A Soviet special forces unit lands in Afghanistan combat operation in the area of Nangarhar province. The Soviet Union felt Afghanistan had key resources and a foothold in the Middle East to spread communist ideas. a. Afghanistan, like Vietnam, had communist and capitalist regions. The CIA and Hong Kong drug barons worked together, they maintained, to destroy the Soviet armed forces from within. Differentiate site from event attractions natural from man - made attraction? If you read just one book about the Taliban, terrorism, and the United States, this is the place to start. Furthermore, the fateful Politburo decision was not conceived by Brezhnev, but by a small, cabalistic group of the Soviet Union’s most powerful figures. Like a Russian journalist stated in 1989: “But events took an entirely different turn. These enabled them to shoot down Soviet helicopters and were a major turning point in the war. Both in Afghanistan and Vietnam, the geographical landscape was used as an advantage. Introduction. What has happened in Afghanistan is not a new page in American foreign policy. What's the most outdated thing you still use today? Is it better to take a shower in the morning or at night? Was There a Soviet-led Menace to Global Stability and Freedom in the Late 1940s? Whose intentions among the Soviet élite led to the Soviet-Afghan War? Amstutz, Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Russian Occupation (Washington, D.C. : National Defense University, 1986), 3-5. The tragic Soviet war in Afghanistan was not necessarily initiated with evil intentions, by an Evil Empire. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, invasion of Afghanistan in late December 1979 by troops from the Soviet Union.The Soviet Union intervened in support of the Afghan communist government in its conflict with anti-communist Muslim guerrillas during the Afghan War (1978–92) and remained in Afghanistan until mid-February 1989.. These were arguably to deter US interference in the USSR’s ‘backyard’, to gain a highly strategic foothold in Southwest Asia and, not least of all, to attempt to contain the radical Islamic revolution emanating from Iran. Found insideAfghanistan was , in the view of many , the Soviet Union's “ Vietnam , ” while Cambodia , with Moscow's support , came to be known as “ Vietnam's Vietnam . Three costly wars in Central and East Asia since 1950 raise two questions about U.S. foreign policy: Why did we go to war in Korea (1950), Vietnam (1965), and Afghanistan Proxy Wars: The Korean And Vietnam War. Roger Reese, The Soviet Military Experience: A History of the Soviet Army, 1917-1991 (London and New York: Routledge, 2000), 172. Found inside... as thus began the Soviet-Afghan War, which is often, and aptly, referred to as the Soviet Union's Vietnam War. In 1978, the Afghan Communist Party ... known as the mujahideen (moo•JAH•heh•DEEN), or holy warriors. Indecision and even the wholesale reversal of its members’ positions characterised the Afghanistan Commission’s deliberations. The War in Afghanistan (1979-1989) has been called “the Soviet Union’s Vietnam War,” a conflict that pitted Soviet regulars against a relentless, elusive, and ultimately unbeatable Afghan guerrilla force (the mujahideen). All content on the website (with the exception of images) is published under the following Creative Commons License, Copyright © — E-International Relations. This had failed, as Amin switched his food with his son-in-law, who became ill and had to be treated in a Moscow hospital. Despite deep-seated mistrust and hostility between the Soviet Union and the Western democracies, Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 created an instant alliance between the Soviets and the two greatest powers in what the Soviet leaders had long called the "imperialist camp": Britain and the United States. forces had to fight a standing regular army, navy, and air force; [10] The conservative Islamic rebels, named Mujahideen (soldiers of God), increasingly threatened Taraki’s besieged government. “It is obvious that there are no alternatives. Three costly wars in Central and East Asia since 1950 raise two questions about U.S. foreign policy: Why did we go to war in Korea (1950), Vietnam (1965), and Afghanistan (2001)? [17] Robert Gates, From the Shadows, 146-148. ‘Oui la CIA est entrée en Afghanistan avant les Russes…’, McMichael, Scott. The Islamists were actively sponsored by revolutionary government of Iran, and that of Pakistan. Although not officially admitted, another, and potentially more potent, threat to the Soviet Union’s integrity was also targeted in Afghanistan. The Vietnam War produced about 58,000 US 1016. © Copyright 2021 Center for the National Interest All Rights Reserved. [21] Nevertheless, it is a fact that a considerable segment of the Soviet Union’s population “looked far more to Mecca than to Moscow.”[22] In the frantic international diplomacy which took place in the months before the Soviet invasion, the East German Ambassador to Kabul assessed the precarious situation. Found inside – Page 21It is well known that the Iraqi Government used these agents against its own citizens ... The Afghanistan war was considered the Soviet Union's ''Vietnam''. Before the end, some media outlets even dared to publish commentary on the "Soviets' Vietnam War," pushing the boundaries of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of glasnost or openness. It was a tank-like vehicle which fired thermo-ballistic ammunition. 5. The US war in Afghanistan was not supposed to be another Vietnam. [31] Anatoly S. Chernyaev, ‘The Diary of Anatoly Chernyaev’ (Translated from the Russian by Anna Melyakova, edited by Svetlana Savranskaya), The National Security Archive, 104-105, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB251/28.pdf (accessed 22 august 2008). why was Afghanistan known as the soviet unions Vietnam? containment. Vietnam War is a typical proxy war during the Cold War under the influence of the U.S., Soviet Union and, to a large extent, China. The US Military In 1978 the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was a poor, agrarian and socialist. He returned to Afghanistan in 1978 and began operations in the Panjshir Valley, quickly gaining a cadre of tough, loyal followers who waged a guerrilla war against DRA forces.By 1980, Massoud controlled the entire valley. Anna Heinämaa, Maija Leppännen and Yuri Yurchenko, The Soldiers’ Story, 36. While the Soviet Union was known for supporting its allies through indirect military support, it did engage in one massive military operation against Afghanistan in 1979. Little known and appreciated for its significance, the Soviet-Afghan War was one of … [4] This is exemplified by Moscow’s increasing assertiveness in foreign affairs during this period. Your donations allow us to invest in new open access titles and pay our Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 401. Each moutarik numbered about 75 men and was subdivided into platoons of three. Moscow’s fear of Chinese involvement was also not unfounded. This volume examines the design, development and operational history of the Soviet Union's Cold War SPAAGs: the ZSU-37, ZSU-57-2, the infamous ZSU-23-4, and the 9K22 Tunguska (better known by its NATO reporting name: SA-19 'Grison'). [36] In any case, the Soviet High Command was culpable of not voicing its arguments against an intervention in Afghanistan with enough resolve. A memo for the President’s eyes only later warned him of the probability that “expansion of its influence over Iran will rank at or near the top of the Kremlin’s hierarchy of regional priorities.”[17] These material and financial contributions from the US effectively propped up the guerrillas throughout their ten year war against the Red Army. Some analysts believe a full US withdrawal could unleash a repeat of the brutal civil war and Taliban rule that followed the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s. Under the Soviet plan, heliborne troops from the 103rd Guards Airborne Division would seize villages and hilltops throughout the valley and pin down mujahideen fighters. "First published in Great Britain in 2011 by Profile Books"--T.p. verso. Beryozov’s platoon shot right and left at villages that were situated beside the road… When the dust had settled, they went to the place to investigate what they’d accomplished.”Ibid. US On the otherhand the Afghanistan war was an act of retaliation to the "9/11 Incident" and to also remove the Taliban from power in Kabul. Answer (1 of 2): Challenging. He divided the valley into 25 field commands, each defended by a small unit called a sabbet. Found insideThe Soviet invasion of Afghanistan raised Pakistan's value in USA's eyes. ... AND CONSEQUENCES Did Afghanistan prove to be the Soviet Union's Vietnam? On the evening of the 27th of December 1979, the Afghan government was effectively decapitated. Between 1946 and 1991 the United States, the Soviet Union, and their allies were locked in a long, tense conflict known as the Cold War. Little known and appreciated for its significance, the Soviet-Afghan War was one of the turning points of the late Cold War. Everything must be subordinate to this [relationship].”[12] The Soviet Union’s 1978 ‘Treaty of Cooperation and Good-Neighbourliness’ with Afghanistan served as the official pretext to intervene militarily in that country. If someone gave you $20, what would you buy with it? This event began a brutal, decade-long attempt by Moscow to subdue the Afghan civil war and maintain a friendly … Behind the comradely rhetoric, though, were the obvious strategic benefits of the deployment. The Soviet defeat changed the course of world politics. [39] The Afghan people were the war’s most obvious victims, with no less than one million civilians and combatants estimated killed during the conflict. Was raison d’état or ideology a more important factor in shaping the thinking of Soviet strategists in the late Cold War? This was probably due to Brezhnev’s much reiterated fear of nuclear escalation with the US, at a time when the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II) had just been concluded. [28] In a semi-serious joke, his colleagues spoke of Andropov suffering from the ‘Hungarian complex’. Afghanistan became the Soviet Union’s Vietnam: an expensive, embarrassing war with little hope of victory, where they were beaten by local guerrilla forces. It dragged on until 1988 when the Soviet leader, who by then was Mikhail Gorbachev, signed a deal to end the war and the last Soviet troops left Afghanistan in February 1989. All Rights Reserved | Site by Rootsy. When Mohammad Daoud seized power in 1974, Massoud fled to Pakistan, where he underwent military training and studied the art of war, particularly the campaigns of Mao Zedong, Che Guevara, and North Vietnamese General Vo Nguyen Giap. The evidence available suggests that geopolitical calculations were at the top of the Kremlin’s goals. Found inside – Page 14... and the environment—all played greater mobilizing roles.35 veTeRANS AS A gRouP The war in Afghanistan has often been called the “Soviet Union's Vietnam. Ibid. The sudden decision in early 1980 to replace Soviet Muslims (chiefly Central Asians) with ethnic Russian soldiers, on the Afghan battlefield, reinforces the picture of a Soviet leadership deeply frightened of radical Islam spreading beyond their own borders. [34] Another veteran’s account paints a more shocking picture of new hardware being tested on harmless Afghan villages in the last days of the war, out of no military necessity whatsoever. [4] Scott McMichael, ‘The Soviet-Afghan War’, in The Military History of the Soviet Union (eds. Ten years of war against a popular Afghan resistance stirred discontent within the USSR, and probably contributed greatly to the collapse and popular unrest of 1991. Found inside – Page 224History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991) The Soviet Union's collapse into ... The war in Afghanistan, often referred to as the Soviet Union's “Vietnam War,” ... The Vietnam War which lasted from 1955 to 1975 was fought between North Vietnam (supported by the Soviet Union, China and North Korea) and South Vietnam (supported by the United States, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines.) http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;brand=ucpress. Moscow argued that it was pre-empting a possible ‘imperialist’ move in the region. M. Hassan Kakar, Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982 (Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1995). [7] It would be decisively challenged in the deserts and mountains of Afghanistan. The Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan was primarily motivated by geopolitical interests in the region. Before these events, the government of Hafizullah Amin had a slightly better claim to legitimacy as a genuinely indigenous regime than had the government of Ngo Dinh Diem. The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: A Study in the Use of Force in Soviet Foreign Policy. The Soviet Union was bogged down in costly combat for nearly 10 years, finally withdrawing the last of its troops in early 1989. It is clear that this Southwest Asian campaign was aimed at securing Moscow’s geopolitical and, to a lesser extent, ideological position in the region. ‘Afghan Refugees in Pakistan During the 1980s: Cold War Politics and Registration Practices’. Soviet Russia was the first country to establish diplomatic relations with Afghanistan [1] after the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, after which it signed the Friendship Treaty in 1921, which provided for the right of Afghan transit through the Soviet Union. A) The Afghan war was not fought against a foreign nation. [39] In addition, the war created a highly disillusioned group of 642,000 Soviet citizens. Like the Vietnam War, the war in Afghanistan was long and costly. Signed a presidential decree in July 1979 to covertly aid the Mujahideen with Stinger missiles time! Mentality, whether right or wrong, continued in the region 's varied municipal environment Anatoly. Since it was ousted following the 2001 invasion municipal environment Afghanistan should no. He made numerous desperate demands for his benefactors to send in direct military support to Afghanistan—up to times. 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