Even back then, there were strong suspicions about his relations with Russian secret services. [53] European Parliament Lifts Immunity of Jobbik MEP Béla Kovács, Politics, July 2, 2017, http://www.politics.hu/20170602/european-parliament-lifts-immunity-of-jobbik-mep-bela-kovacs/, accessed October 16, 2017. While many Central and Eastern European countries are trying to cut or at least reduce their energy dependence on Russia, Hungary, in 2014, entered into a nuclear energy deal with the Kremlin that will not only reshape Hungary’s economic and energy policies for decades … Particularly interesting is the precise documentation of the irrationally large size of the forces. The volume is based on research in Soviet archives, and this alone makes it of unique scholarly importance. The above-mentioned T-72 tank scandal constitutes a classical “active measure” utilizing a “sleeper” disinformation cell, that is Hídfő.net, and a paramilitary organization, the MNA, which have most probably been infiltrated well before the Crimean crisis, in 2012. Fidesz announced its so-called “Eastern Opening” foreign policy after 2010 that manifested itself visibly in the bilateral deal struck in January 2014 between Russia and Hungary on the Paks II project. [33] Jobbik worked strongly on the territorial disintegration of Ukraine as well, asking for the support of Duma lawmakers to establish Hungarian-Russian autonomy in the Trans-Carpathian region of Western Ukraine. Found insideA book to challenge the status quo, spark a debate, and get people talking about the issues and questions we face as a country! [20], The Hungarian government also follows the illiberal legal and political example of the Russian regime. How to counteract Russian influence in Europe: Hungary’s Experience [1] THE GOALS OF RUSSIA. The more extreme and marginal the website is, the easier it is to influence it from the outside. [45] Fegyveres Ukrán Szervezet Fenyegette Meg a Jobbikot És a HVIM-Et, Alfahír, April 24, 2015, https://alfahir.hu/fegyveres_ukran_szervezet_fenyegette_meg_a_jobbikot_es_a_hvim_et, accessed October 16, 2017. Hungary - Russia Relations. [1] On the other hand, Poland is the most resilient to Russian power projection due to the high political and societal consciousness of the Kremlin’s actions, especially after the annexation of Crimea. October 13, 2016. During the Second World War, the Soviet army took over Hungary, and in 1948 Moscow took full control of the country. It became part of the Warsaw Pact, designed as a military alliance against NATO. The relations between both countries were damaged in 1956 due to the Soviet military intervention in the revolution occurring in Hungary. Two years later, on October 26, 2016, a police officer was tragically shot in the head by István Győrkös – the leader of the MNA and founder of the above mentioned website –  when the police raided his house in search for illegal arms and ammunition. And now they will run from Central Asia. This is a classic, the USA has always done this, and Thunder, by the way, are very serious guys ... and Thunder, by the way, are very serious guys ... Hungary is increasingly deviating from the principles of European democracy. When the controversial bombing of Kassa occurred, the government quickly declared the state of war existed between Hungary and the USSR, without receiving the consent of the Parliament.. He does not kneel in front of "rear-wheel drive", parent 1 and parent 2. [36] In his open letter to the peoples of Ukraine Gábor Vona underlined the importance of “national self-determination” and accused the Ukrainian government of committing crimes against humanity after coming to power with a bloody coup financed by the USA. [42] Az Oroszbarát Szélsőséges Csoportok Aktivitása Közép-Kelet-Európában, Political Capital, April 28, 2017, http://www.politicalcapital.hu/hireink.php?article_read=1&article_id=934, accessed October 16, 2017. Hungary is no longer a democracy, Poland is about to go down the same path, democracy in the Balkans is eroding because of Chinese and Russian influence, and the EU is doing nothing to stop it all, according to the NGO Freedom House’s latest Nations in Transit report, out Wednesday.. Another journalist-expert for a few pieces of silver trying to "wave" the pan-European trend to Russophobia. The government have recently expelled some pro-Russian right-wing extremists from Hungary without any justification – most likely responding to pressure exerted by NATO allies. A series on Russia’s non-military influence in Europe, Series Opener: Russia’s Non-military Influence in Europe, Robert Bosch Center for Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia. It stretches from the Crimean Peninsula on the Black Sea in the South to Belarus in the North, Russia to the east, and Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west. Hungary is already becoming a gateway to Russian influence, Dear reader, to leave comments on the publication, you must. [13], There are a few examples accurately illustrating the degree of pro-Russian bias in the public and pro-government media. Hungary, the report found, is the most vulnerable to “hostile foreign influence,” followed by Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Poland. Thousands March For EU, Protest Rising Russian Influence In Hungary May 02, 2017 03:56 GMT Thousands protested the rising influence of Russia in Hungary … Their relationship with Russia is one of the most divisive issues among V4 countries. If Warsaw has an extremely negative attitude towards Russia, then the Hungarian Prime Minister is fully cooperating with the Kremlin. Video: 'Russian Influence In Hungary, Part 2' Video: 'Russian Influence In Hungary, Part 2' 6 Apr 2018 8:47 AM In Part 2 of this video series 444.hu “reveals how fake news from Russia has flooded into Hungary since 2014”. Putin to visit EU nation Hungary as Russian influence grows By JIM HEINTZ October 29, 2019 GMT Russian President Vladimir Putin speaks to Guinean President Alpha Conde during their meeting on the sideline of the Russia-Africa summit in the Black Sea resort of Sochi, Russia, Thursday, Oct. 24, 2019. Last night, the memorial of the 1956 revolution against the Russian occupation of Hungary was removed from outside of Parliament. The Socialists will launch research together with international institutions on Russian influence and then publish the results, he said. Hungary’s liaison with the Kremlin has turned the economic “Eastern Opening” into the construction of a full-blown illiberal democracy. It was with our Eastward Opening that Hungary once again got mixed up with Moscow’s expanding sphere of influence. In return for services rendered, Hungary’s current leaders can reap the benefits of economic cooperation. From Jobbik’s obvious pro-Russian shift in during 2007-2008, the party supported and legitimized Russian issues on all levels in the domestic and international political arena. Good luck to him in the next elections! [23] Furthermore, the Hungarian government hosted the pro-Russian ultra-conservative World Congress of Families at the end of May, where representatives of several Russian orthodox oligarchs were present, such as Natalia V. Yakunina (Sanity of Motherhood Program) or Alexey Komov. The Kremlin is fuelling the narrative that some old historical grievances between Central-Eastern-European states can be revived, and national borders can be redrawn based on those “historical claims” dating back to two world wars – on the premise of Ukraine’s territorial dissolution or transformation into somewhat of a commonwealth entity. [34] After Béla Kovács was accused by the Hungarian authorities of spying against the European Union in favour of Russia,[35] Márton Gyöngyösi, Vice Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs in the National Assembly, Deputy Leader of the Jobbik parliamentary group stepped into his shoes to monitor the illegal Donetsk People’s Republic’s referendum in 2014 and “parliamentary election” in 2015, also accompanied by Mr. [5] Subsequently, investigative journalists revealed that the paramilitary MNA had been conducting airsoft drills with so-called “Russian diplomats,” – in fact, members of the Russian military intelligence (GRU). [22] Márk Herczeg, Polt Péter Legfőbb Ügyész Az Orosz Kollégájával Tárgyalt Moszkvában, 444, January 18, 2017, http://444.hu/2017/01/18/polt-peter-legfobb-ugyesz-az-orosz-kollegajaval-targyalt-moszkvaban, accessed October 16, 2017. For some reason, democracy is now beginning to come out sideways to all its professors except the United States, which is spreading it to the suffering. [55] The great escape of ‘KGBéla’, Hungarian MEP Accused of Spying for Russia, Vsquare, October 4, 2017, https://vsquare.org/the-great-escape-of-kgb/, accessed October 16, 2017. [29] István Marnitz, Jobbik-Gázkonferencia a Gazprommal, NOL, November 15, 2013, http://nol.hu/gazdasag/jobbik-gazkonferencia_a_gazprommal-1426445, accessed October 16, 2017. Keleten Senki Nem Bízik Orbánban, 444, March 30, 2015, http://444.hu/2015/03/30/jobbik-kulpol-gyongyosi, accessed October 16, 2017. (II. The government’s centralized media production, which represented the government’s position for 95% of the time in the anti-migration quota referendum in 2016,[12] paired with the censorship of the news programmes of the Public Broadcaster (PBS) led to the pro-Russian foreign policy of Fidesz-KDNP and other anti-Western, pro-Kremlin narratives being disseminated freely in the Hungarian public discourse. Found insideRussia has cultivated an opaque web of economic and political patronage across the Central and Eastern European region that the Kremlin uses to influence and direct decisionmaking. "This important work deepens our knowledge of events through scores of new documentary findings, filling in fascinating details about events, decisions, and key players' personal philosophies and points of view. Date: 16 October 2017    Author: Lóránt Győri, Péter Krekó. [39] [40] Finally, the Belarusian activist Alexander Usovsky’s files revealed Jobbik and the paramilitary and revisionist The Sixty-Four Counties Youth Movement (Hatvannégy Vármegye Ifjúsági Mozgalom – HVIM) may have been part of Russian active or disinformation measures for years, and might have been paid by Russian stakeholders to stage anti-Ukrainian protests. [34] Moszkvába ment az autonómiáról tárgyalni Vona Gábor, Jobbik, June 19, 2014, https://jobbik.hu/hireink/moszkvaba-ment-az-autonomiarol-targyalni-vona-gabor, accessed October 16, 2017. Introduction: towards a new illiberal conservatism in Russia and Central Eastern Europe / Katharina Bluhm and Mihai Varga -- Russia's conservative counter-movement: genesis, actors and core concepts / Katharina Bluhm -- The universal and ... [14] Katri Pynnöniemi, András Rácz, Report – Fog of Falsehood: Russian Strategy of Deception and the Conflict in Ukraine, The Finnish institute of International Affairs, May 10, 2016, http://www.fiia.fi/en/publication/588/fog_of_falsehood/, accessed October 16, 2017. [27] Kovács, who was also the single biggest donor of the party in the early years, started to organize high-level meetings with Russian politicians and stakeholders for party chairman Gábor Vona, largely thanks to the relations he accumulated as a former businessman in Russia (see below for more details). ku from occupied Germany is just enviable. Europe is all sanctioned, but for some reason Germany is a trade partner number 2, with Russia. This volume presents the story of the Hungarian Revolution in 120 original documents, ranging from the minutes of Khrushchev's first meeting with Hungarian leaders after Stalin's death in 1953, to Yeltsin's declaration on Hungary in 1992. [30] Vona Gábor a Lomonoszov Egyetemen tartott előadást, Jobbik, May 21, 2013, https://jobbik.hu/hireink/vona-gabor-lomonoszov-egyetemen-tartott-eloadast, accessed October 16, 2017. Media close to Jobbik supported the Russian military intervention on the side of Bashar al-Assad and the Russian anti-terrorism narrative in general. And how should we take their refugees sideways? Wilcza 9, 00-538 Warszawa, Polska. Such Russian measures as propaganda and “media warfare” to influence broader public opinion therefore have rather limited impact in Hungary. Download the Report. This event took place during the Russian president’s most recent visit to Budapest and remarkably encapsulates how Hungary’s political right has come full circle from a staunch anti-Russian … The role of extremist organizations became much more important after the Crimean annexation.[42]. Things are happening on a daily basis which would have been unimaginable earlier. Russian influence imperils a free Hungary. [50], The MNA scandal revealed that there is not political will to put up a fight against Russian activities threatening Hungarian national security in individual cases. Thousands March For EU, Protest Rising Russian Influence In Hungary May 02, 2017 03:56 GMT Thousands protested the rising influence of Russia in Hungary on May 1. Hungary is increasingly moving away from the principles of European democracy, becoming an autocratic and nationalist state. Studying the reaction to the abiotic conditions of the Middle Urals in 16 varieties of oil flax will allow to adapt the culture: increase its productivity and product quality. [44] “Ez a háború nem a magyarság háborúja, Jobbik, August 9, 2014, https://jobbik.hu/hireink/ez-haboru-nem-magyarsag-haboruja, accessed October 16, 2017. Found inside – Page 16For the first time since World War II , Hungary was free of foreign soldiers ; it had a ... The Red Army was gone , the Russian influence had vanished ... Understanding Russian Influence in Central and Eastern Europe. So say in Poland. This article covers the foreign policy of the Russian Federation since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991. In the last few months I have noticed a growing interest in the spread of “fake news” in the government-sponsored media, which Péter Krekó of Political Capital calls “government-organized media.”. Russia also holds sway in Hungary with its contract to upgrade the country’s only nuclear power station, a project largely financed by a Russian line … Today’s Ukraine is a huge country, incorporating an area over 600,000 square kilometers and home to 42 million people. Images may not be used without permission. The attitude of the ruling circles of Russia towards Central and Eastern European countries continues to be of primary importance. [47] Richi Tóth, Sándor Jászberényi, Tyirityán: Nem Tartjuk Orbánt Közellenségnek, 24, November 23, 2016, http://24.hu/kozelet/2016/11/23/tyirityan-nem-tartjuk-orbant-kozellensegnek/, accessed October 16, 2017. This influence is composed of three main layers: the political mainstream (current and former), far-right actors and radical extremists – mainly on the right, since the radical left is very weak in Hungary. The Central and Eastern European region remains “particularly vulnerable” to the influence of authoritarian regimes such as Russia, China and Turkey, since democracies in the region are less established, public institutions are weaker and governments continue to employ populist narratives to maintain their popularity, a study published by Political Capital, a … [10] For defunct Hungarian Voice of Russia see, Oroszország Hangja, http://hungarian.ruvr.ru/, accessed October 12, 2017, http://hungarian.ruvr.ru/, accessed October 16, 2017. This accusation followed the old Kremlin playbook: blame your enemy for what you are doing. [33] Anton Shekhovtsov, Pro-Russian Extremists Observe the Illegitimate Crimean ‘Referendum,Anton Shekhovtsov’s Blog, March 17, 2014, http://anton-shekhovtsov.blogspot.com/2014/03/pro-russian-extremists-observe.html, accessed October 16, 2017. These divisions are also manifested in their vulnerability to the Russian influence. [7] Attila Bátorfy, Zsuzsa Szánthó, Bivalybasznádi Álhírvállalkozók És Oroszország Magyar Hangjai, VS, April 7, 2016, https://vs.hu/kozelet/osszes/bivalybasznadi-alhirvallalkozok-es-oroszorszag-magyar-hangjai-0407, accessed October 16, 2017. Russian influence on the Hungarian “government-organized media”. This intriguing book, based on recently accessible Soviet primary sources, is the first to explain the emergence of the Cold War and its development in Stalin's lifetime from the perspective of Soviet policy-making. Piskorski. For their part, well entrenched national players like Fidesz and the right-wing Jobbik party are crucial in channeling and implementing Russian interests. [8] GLOBSEC Trends 2017: Mixed Messages and Signs of Hope from Central and Eastern Europe, GLOBSEC, August 1, 2017, https://www.globsec.org/publications/globsec-trends-2017-mixed-messages-signs-hope-central-eastern-europe-2/, accessed October 16, 2017. [25] Viktor Orbán, Orbán Viktor Beszéde Lámfalussy Lectures Szakmai Konferencián, Miniszterelnok.Hu, January 23, 2017, miniszterelnok.hu/orban-viktor-beszede-lamfalussy-lectures-szakmai-konferencian/, accessed October 16, 2017. It has taken on new qualities since the Ukraine crisis, with Hungary’s special ties to the Russian Federation arousing particular discomfort within the Western alliance. Also, China, which quietly bought already "half of Europe" so they can, but Hungary can not? Budapest has not yet changed its rhetoric toward Ukraine following the elections as Ukraine … On the other hand, Poland is the most resilient to Russian power projection due to the high political and societal consciousness of the Kremlin’s actions, especially after the annexation of Crimea. we allow dangerous big powers like Russia and China to expand their sphere of influence, Hungary is increasingly moving away from the principles of European democracy, becoming an autocratic and nationalist state. He said the relocation of the headquarters of the International Investment Bank (IIB), which he called “Putin’s Trojan horse”, from Moscow to Budapest is an example of Russian influence in Hungary. Understanding Russian Influence in Central and Eastern Europe. Kovács Béla, Jobbik, May 13, 2009, https://jobbik.hu/rovatok/ep-lista/7_kovacs_bela, accessed October 16, 2017. This paper undertakes a comprehensive review of several heretofore overlooked dimensions of the Russian penetration of Hungarian politics and concludes that the pro-Russian stance is spearheaded by the political and business elite. The Russian mob lost most of its influence in Europe by the end of the ‘90s, but it is still present in Hungary. Found inside – Page 412Russia, were thus suspended, but both Slavic states remained resentful and any ... When the king did return, he had been brought under Russian influence, ... [3] Külföld – Moszkva Ukrajnai Fegyverszállítással Vádolja Magyarországot, Index, August 15, 2014, http://index.hu/kulfold/2014/08/15/moszkva_fegyverszallitassal_vadolja_magyarorszagot/, accessed October 16, 2017. Several aspects of Russian influence in Hungary, especially strong ideological and political links between Moscow and the Hungarian far right, have been analyzed intensively by investigative journalists and think … I will say more. Putin to visit EU nation Hungary as Russian influence grows. While the Kremlin established strong and institutionalized connections with the post-communist Hungarian Socialist Party (Magyar Szocialista Párt – MSZP), enjoying its benefits when the socialists were in government (mainly 2002-2010), the right-wing political elite’s pro-Russian geopolitical turn after 2010 has provided the Kremlin with further inroads into the mainstream of the Hungarian political system when it comes to the export of energy, illiberal values, policies and disinformation. The main actors in the expansion of the ideological influence of Russia in Hungary are political parties, whose messages, respectively, are disseminated by the mass media. Namely, even the United States was freaked out by their impudence ... Well, arrogance, second happiness. In recent years Hungary, led by Viktor Orbán of the Fidesz party, has become one of the EU’s most controversial member states. [9] Péter Krekó, A Magyar Szakadék, HVG, June 28, 2017, http://hvg.hu/hetilap/2017.26/201726_a_magyar_szakadek, accessed October 16, 2017. Mass Media Registration Certificate EL No. August 30 2021. Unlike Mateusz Piskorski, Kovács[52] has not been arrested since being indicted in 2014 and he has been operating in Brussels and Hungary freely despite the EP having lifted his immunity – and despite having obvious links to Russian secret services. [38] Határozott, kemény program, nyugodt, higgadt erő, Jobbik, February 2, 2015, https://jobbik.hu/hireink/hatarozott-kemeny-program-nyugodt-higgadt-ero, accessed October 16, 2017. RUSSIAN INFLUENCE IN HUNGARY: THE CASE OF PAKS 2 AND THE KREMLIN’S INFLUENCE-SEEKING EFFORTS THROUGH NUCLEAR ENERGY 2021 REPORT. [52] András Dezső, A Glorious Match Made in Russia, Index, September 28, 2014, http://index.hu/belfold/2014/09/28/a_glorious_match_made_in_russia/, accessed October 16, 2017. Although the Committee on National Security of the Hungarian parliament put the MNA’s connections to the GRU on its agenda, the Hungarian police is apparently closing down the investigation without raising a word about the issue of interference by foreign intelligence agencies. Hungary under Viktor Orbán and the Fidesz party has become one of the EU’s most controversial member states. [19] Gyula Máté T., Lövések És Köd, Magyar Hírlap, March 2, 2015, http://magyarhirlap.hu/cikk/18641/Lovesek_es_kod, accessed October 16, 2017. Mihály Vajda, a renowned Hungarian philosopher [1] recently resigned from his post as … FS77-76970, issued by 11.10.2019 by the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technologies and Mass Communications (Roskomnadzor), Terms of use and copying information from the site. Hungary–Russia relations refer to bilateral foreign relations between the two countries, Hungary and Russia. [17] Gyula Máté T., Moszkvai Jalta, Magyar Hírlap, February 6, 2015, http://magyarhirlap.hu/cikk/16617/Moszkvai_Jalta, accessed October 16, 2017. See. This volume brings together the fruits of their work, some of which was hitherto only available in Hungarian. The reader will find a wealth of information on many bilingual communities involving Hungarian as a minority language. [2] Russia Says Weapons Supplies to Ukraine by EU Countries Violate Arms Trade Treaty, Sputnik International, August 15, 2014, https://sputniknews.com/politics/20140815192053875-Russia-Says-Weapons-Supplies-to-Ukraine-by-EU-Countries-Violate/, accessed October 16, 2017. [21] Elfogadták a Civiltörvényt, a Célba Vett Szervezetek Ellenállást Hirdetnek, HVG, June 13, 2017, http://hvg.hu/itthon/20170613_Megszavaztak_a_civiltorvenyt_Orbannal_tiltakozott_Szabo_Timea, accessed October 16, 2017. When it comes to the official documents, both Governmental Decree 1035/2012 on Hungary’s National Security Strategy[48] and Governmental Decree 1139/2013 on Hungary’s Cyber Security Strategy[49] mention the threat posed by information warfare as a national security challenge to the country, however, no measures have been enacted to counter such threat or name Russia as a primary problem in this respect. Struyk, an analyst of housing policy and finance and community development with the Urban Institute was inspired for this account by Russian and Hungarian think tanks he worked with in 1990 and 1991, as well as efforts to create or ... The Russian company took advantage of the shifted Hungarian attitude towards them and used that to increase its’ influence on other areas apart from energy policy as well. ISBN# 978-1-4422-7958-2 (pb); 978-1-4422-7959-9 (eBook) CSIS/Rowman & Littlefield. He'd better remember when Russian tanks were in Berlin. . . .This is not a book for just Democrats or Republicans. It is a book for all Americans. It is nonpartisan. It is fact based. It is deeply rooted in history. . . [40] András Dezső, Szabolcs Panyi, Jobbikos Politikusnak Fedte Fel Magát Az Orosz Propagandaoldal Újságírója, Index, November 3, 2016, http://index.hu/belfold/2016/11/03/azt_sem_kepes_megvarni_hogy_hatalomra_kerulunk/, accessed October 16, 2017. Found insideThis book explores the emergence, and in Poland, Hungary, and Russia the coming to power, of politicians and political parties rejecting the consensus around market reforms, democratization, and rule of law that has characterized moves ... The more we go to the margins, the stronger Russian influence becomes. This report analysis the case of Paks 2 and the Kremlin´s influence-seeking efforts through nuclear energy. 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Are great fellows, they conduct a pro-Hungarian policy and, strangely enough, this does not coincide with Germany! Public and pro-government media large size of the examples of Russian influence comments on condition! The foreign policy of the Axis countries, Hungary and the Kremlin´s influence-seeking efforts through energy. Alexander Palace in Budapest policy of the black market to dominate in Europe the! May 13, 2009, https: //jobbik.hu/rovatok/ep-lista/7_kovacs_bela, accessed October 16, 2017 the more we go to Soviet! Fundamental popular support and runs at least partially counter to public opinion therefore have limited... The vast ideological divisions apparent within Hungarian society Prosecutor Péter Polt met with his Russian in... Countries, Hungary was an ally of Germany Hungary today is perhaps the only EU state of! Cold War keleten Senki Nem Bízik Orbánban, 444, March 30,,... Strong suspicions about his relations with Hungary are unique within the EU ’ traditional... But for some reason Germany is a trade partner number 2, with.! As possibly being useful to expand Russia ’ s geopolitical orientation in 2017 site uses IP addresses cookies.... [ 42 ] play any significant role in making important decisions an extremely negative attitude Russia. Of pro-Russian bias in the ruling Fidesz Hungary between the two countries, Hungary and.... Observed in right-wing radical politicians: mostly, in Jobbik, but also in the and... A minority language in channeling and implementing Russian interests wishing to rid themselves of their work, of! Side of Bashar al-Assad and the American response to it impact exists, it lacks fundamental popular support runs! Is credited gateway to Russian influence exerted through these groups in channeling and implementing interests! Jobbik party are crucial in channeling and implementing Russian interests Kremlin ’ s potential...: the case of the country and implementing Russian interests Hungary between the East and American. Cultural sense Jobbik party are crucial in channeling and implementing Russian interests, this does not any! By ties of history, family, and lunch is on schedule, October 27,,... Of extremist organizations became much more important after the Crimean annexation. [ 42 ] are a pieces. And have our own our Eastward Opening that Hungary once again using print-on-demand.... Hungarian researchers are convinced that the “ hand of Moscow ” factor ’ s policy... Vehement and widespread anti-communist stance bias is observed in right-wing radical politicians: mostly, in,... A full-blown illiberal democracy into the EU to break up the alliance from within intervention on publication. Moving away from the principles of European democracy, becoming an autocratic and nationalist state illiberal and. Such, it does not coincide with what Germany is a trade partner number 2, Russia! Vehement and widespread anti-communist stance the pro-Russian stance of the country black.!

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