Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of it may in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, microcopying, photocopying, recording or otherwise) be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted without prior written permission.

12 of China’s defence conglomerates are included in the database, but their hundreds if not thousands of subsidiaries have not been publicly catalogued. However, developments over the past decade highlight the military and security links of more than 60 universities in particular.This publication is subject to copyright. It primarily catalogues three types of defence laboratories:Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersResearch for the tracker was undertaken over the course of 2019. It should use the China Defence Universities Tracker to improve the screening of visa applicants and inform decisions to award research funding. While universities already have systems in place to manage these issues, they should be revisited and strengthened.Mercator Institute for China StudiesChina’s National Intelligence Law requires entities and individuals to cooperate with intelligence operations. This knowledge gap limits the effectiveness of risk-management efforts.The Australian Strategic Policy Institute was formed in 2001 as an independent, non‑partisan think tank.

The company also has a significant overseas presence, signing agreements for joint research with U.S., French, Canadian, U.K., Russian and Argentinian companies.The China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) is designated very high risk as a leading defence conglomerate.Two subsidiaries of CNNC are included on the US Government’s Entity List:Two CNNC subsidiaries have been added to the US Government’s Entity List, restricting exports to them on national security grounds. The US Department of Justice’s indictment of Xu describes how an executive at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA) helped Xu identify and cultivate overseas targets.University of Technology SydneyInternet of Things Alliance AustraliaMany of China’s universities originated as military institutions but have since been developed into civilian universities that are increasingly competitive in global research rankings.

This research primarily used online Chinese-language resources from universities or Chinese government agencies. The China Defence Universities Tracker has been supported by funding from the US Department of State’s Global Engagement Center. No person should rely on the contents of this publication without first obtaining advice from a qualified professional.University researchers are generally well placed to understand the nature of a technology and different ways a technology could be applied.

Now, the China Defence Universities Tracker website records in unprecedented detail how more and more Chinese universities are becoming integrated with China’s military apparatus, security agencies and nuclear weapons program. The Chinese military data leaked to Foreign Policy could be the most comprehensive on the coronavirus outbreak in China to date.

Institutions were included in the project for their military links, security links or known connection to human rights abuses or espionage.

It was created by ASPI’s International Cyber Policy Centre.This page updated: 08 July 2020Research for the Tracker was undertaken over the course of 2019. Further research on the role of universities in supporting state surveillance and on companies that develop surveillance technology used in human rights abuses would be valuable.Australian Criminal Intelligence CommissionThe author would like to thank Charlie Lyons Jones for his contributions.

When analysing cases of espionage and illegal export involving Chinese universities, it becomes clear that institutions with strong military and security links are disproportionately implicated in theft and espionage.

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